Epoxy Resin FDA Compliant Food Safe Clear Coating Casting 4 Wood & 3D Printed

MAX CLR-HP A/B
Clear Liquid Resin-High Performance
Epoxy Resin System
(96 Ounces Combined Volume)
64 Fluid Ounces (1/2 Gallon) Of MAX CLR-HP PART A
And
32 Ounces Of MAX CLR HP PART B

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
MAX CLR-HP A/B is a two-part epoxy-based system specially formulated as a High-Performance version of the MAX CLR resin system. It offers higher mechanical performance while maintaining crystal clarity, gloss, and other aesthetic qualities. MAX CLR-HP A/B provides excellent performance at a higher service temperature range, especially its retention of its mechanical hardness at elevated temperatures and durability when exposed to below freezing temperatures.
It’s none blushing performance, excellent transparent clarity, color stability, and ease of use make MAX CLR-HP A/B an excellent choice as an impregnating resin for composite fabrics, protective coatings, casting resin, and general fabricating applications. MAX CLR-HP also offers high chemical resistance, structural adhesion and overall durability suitable for many protective coatings applications. MAX CLR-HP A/B performs well at room temperature use and can withstand cyclic exposure to temperatures from -40°C to 112°C with minimal mechanical performance loss.

Upon Cure, MAX CLR-HP A/B resists extreme and repeated thermal shocks making it well suited for bonding substrates with dissimilar expansion coefficients.
MAX CLR-HP A/B is 100% solids and does not contain Ozone Depleting Chemicals (ODC), non-reactive plasticizers, or solvent fillers. It is odor free and will not outgas or leach upon full cure.
Upon cure, MAX CLR HP is completely inert and it is safe for direct food contact, cold and hot beverages, soups, alcoholic beverages.

Please view the following video playlist for detailed use instructions, cut and paste link to any web browser to view video tutorials;
MAX CLR FDA COMPLIANT COATINGS -YouTube
TYPICAL USE AND APPLICATION
MAX CLR-HP A/B is an excellent resin system application where color stability and water clarity is crucial.

MAX CLR-HP COMPARED TO COMPETITIVE EPOXY SYSTEM CLAIMING CRYSTAL CLARITY
Fluid Gallon Volume Conversion
1 Gallon = 3.7854 Liters
1 Gallon = 16 Cups
Fluid Gallon Mass Conventions
1 Gallon Of Mixed Unfilled Epoxy Resin = 9.23 Pounds
1 Gallon Of Mixed Unfilled Epoxy Resin = 4195 Grams
1 Gallon = 231 Cubic Inches
Typical Gallon Coverage
1 Gallon Of Resin Can Covers 1608 Square Feet Per 1 Mil Or 0.001 Inch Cured Coating Thickness
Divide 1608 By The Applied Coating Thickness To Calculate Cover Per Gallon
1608/0.010 = 160.8
For Example A 0.010-Inch Coating Thickness Applied On A Smooth And Non-Absorbent Surface Like Glass, Will Cover 160.8 Square Feet Per Gallon
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Density
1.10 G/CC
Form and Color
Clear Liquid
Viscosity
2,800 – 3,200 cPs @ 25ºC Mixed
Mix Ratio
50 Parts “B” to 100 Parts “A” By Weight
Working Time
45 – 50 Minutes @ 25ºC
(100 Gram Mass)
Peak Exotherm
70ºC (100 Gram Mass)
Thin Film Set Time
4 to 6 Hours
Handle Time
8 Hours
Cure Time
2 to 7 days @ 25ºC or 8 hours at room temperature plus 1 hours at 100ºC
Hardness
80 ± 5 Shore D,
Tee-Peel Strength
5.7 Lbs. per inch Width
Tensile Shear Strength
2,935 psi @ 25ºC
1,970 psi @ -40ºC
1250 psi @ 100ºC
Elongation
3.0% @ 25ºC
Flexural Strength
13,000 psi
Flexural Modulus
344,000 psi
Heat Deflection Temp.
110ºC
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE PERFORMANCE
FULL IMMERSION at 30°C
MEASURED PERCENT CHANGE IN WEIGHT
REAGENT
3 days
28 days
Deionized Water
0.09%
.13%
Sea Water
0.11%
0.18%
Ethanol Grain Alcohol 80%
0.63%
.61%
Methanol
3.98%
10.28%
Ammonia Quaternary Solution
0.40%
0.46%
Xylene
0.54%
0.55%
Butyl Cellosolve
16.63%
18.31%
MEK
Destroyed
Destroyed
10% Lactic Acid
1.81%
2.12%
10% Acetic Acid
0.11%
0.15%
70% Sulfuric Acid
0.08%
0.14%
50% Sodium Hydroxide
0.12%
0.12%
Sodium Hypochlorite -Bleach
0.51%
1.36%
SPECIMEN CURE CYCLE 7 DAYS @ 25ºC PLUS 1 HOUR POST CURE @100ºC
1 CUBIC INCH SPECIMEN SIZE
IMPACT RESISTANCE OF MAX CLR-HP A/B
Epoxy based polymers are one of the most versatile thermoset resins that can be modified into a multitude of applications and fit a very specific task as demanded by the application.
It offers ease of use and generally safer to handle over other types of thermoset resins which make it the choice material for many high-performance composites.
MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE TEST
Impact testing is one of the most revealing test methods that demonstrate a material’s ability to resist and withstand a high-rate of pressure loading, its behavior during and after the impact can define its maximum mechanical property and conditional limits upon its destruction.
Why is Impact Testing Important?
The impact resistance of an object provides the ultimate measure of its resistance to its definitive destruction. Governed by the many laws and dynamics of physics, a skilled chemist or materials engineer can determine the design equilibrium and ultimate performance by careful analysis of the material’s disassociation and the manner of its destruction.
With this knowledge, other aspects of mechanical performance can be accurately derived and through skillful engineering, one can determine:
The impact energies the part can be expected to see in its lifetime
The type of impact that will deliver that energy, and then
A material that will resist such assaults over the projected lifespan.
MAX CLR IMPACT RESISTANCE TEST
Video will open in a new window
To Determine Coverage Or Amount Of Resin Needed Based On Area, Use This App To Calculate The Amount Needed
Cut And Paste Link This Link To To Any Web Browser, Enter The Dimension In Inches To Obtain How Much Resin And Curing Agent Is Needed
instacalc.com/35245
MIXING TECHNIQUE OF EPOXY RESINS
How To Mix Epoxy Resin For Food Contact Coating.
Video will open in a new window
Using the eBay App? Paste link into a browser window:
AIR BUBBLE REMOVAL TECHNIQUE
HOW TO REMOVE AIR BUBBLES & IMPROVE LEVELING
POLISHING DEMO
HOW TO POLISH EPOXY COATED TABLE TOP COATINGS TO GLASS-LIKE FINISH – YouTube
Video will open in a new window
AVOIDING EXOTHERMIC RUNAWAY REACTION

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MAX CLR-HP A/B FOR COATINGS APPLICATION
Prepare the surface to be coated or sealed by degreasing and removing any surface contaminants.
If coating a wood substrate as a base, pre-seal the wood with MAX CLR HP and dilute with 5% acetone or MEK by volume. This will create a low viscosity penetrating sealant to lock any grain raising. Allow curing overnight. Upon cure, lightly sand the surface to remove any raised wood grain, sand off just enough to remove any gloss and then clean with a tack rag. Repeat if necessary until a smooth surface is achieved. If embedding pictures or other items onto the tabletop, plaques or decoupage projects, secure the items using the MAX CLR-HP as an adhesive and allow to set-up before coating.
Pour the mixed MAX CLR HP into another container and mix for another minute (this ensures that no tacky spots caused by unmixed material will be applied) and pour or brush or foam roller (use foam roller for a lint-free application) coat apply onto the substrate to be sealed.
Allow the coating to flow out evenly and protect the surface from airborne dust and debris until it has set-up. If a thicker coating is desired, allow to set-up for at least 6 hours before applying subsequent coats. To remove stubborn surface bubbles, pass a flame from a propane torch over the surface very, very quickly and the air bubbles will pop. Allow the completed coating to cure for at least 24 hours before handling.
Optional Step For A Super High Gloss And Scratch-Resistant Finish
Upon full cure of the coating, lightly wet sand the surface using an 1800-grit, then a 2000 grit or finer polishing or rubbing compound and apply durable car polish.
MAX CLR HP TABLE TOP MOVIE – YouTube
Video will open in a new window
MAX CLR-HP A/B FOR CASTING
Clean the mold and apply a good quality release agent such as wax mold release or PVA mold release.
Slowly pour the mixed MAX CLR HP into the on the corner of the mold cavity and allowing the entrapped air bubbles to rise to the surface.
Remove any surface air bubbles using the torch technique described above. Allow curing at room temperature for 24 to 36 hours.
To use MAX CLR-HP A/B As An Electrical Potting Compound
Place the circuit board in the casing or cavity and secure all wiring leads to its desired position.
Pour the mixed MAX CLR-HP into one corner of the cavity and fill to the desired level.
By pouring or filling the resin from the corner of the electronic casing any air voids is pushed away and reduce the possibility of “high-pots” that is caused by voids in the potting compound.
Cure at room temperature for at least 24 hours before putting in service.
Thick Casting Applications
Mix and pour about 200 grams of Part A resin to 100 grams Curing agent per stage casting until the desired thickness is achieved. Allow 90 minutes in between staged casting or until the prior pour has cooled before pouring the next volume. No sanding is needed in between cast. Continue pouring, allowing a cool down period in between stages to prevent overheating from the exothermic reaction. Allow curing for at least 36 hours before demolding.
Multi-Stage Pour 6-Inches Tall, 6-Inches Diameter
Total Mass Of 1200 Grams Mixed Resin Divided Into 3 Staged Pour
HEXCEL FIBERGLASS WITH MAX CLR HP OVER PLYWOOD
EXCELLENT WATER RESISTANCE

BASIC EPOXY FIBERGLASS LAYUP TECHNIQUE
Video will open in a new window
__________________________

Other MAX CLR HP Application And Use
Kayak, Canoe Stitch And Glue
Craft Decoupage Resin
Decorative And Protective Coating
Plaque Coatings
Clear Castings
Chemical Resistant Coatings
Constructed Using MAX CLR HP A/B
As A Wood Sealer And Fiberglass Impregnating Resin For Kayak And Canoes
5 Yards Of 7781 Fiberglass For This Resin System
https://www.ebay.com/itm/223508087559

AVAILABLE FIBERGLASS, CARBON FIBER, AND KEVLAR FABRICS
HEXCEL 120 1.5-OUNCE FIBERGLASS PLAIN WEAVE 5 YARDS
https://www.ebay.com/itm/222623985867
HEXCEL 120 1.5-OUNCE FIBERGLASS PLAIN WEAVE 10 YARDS
https://www.ebay.com/itm/311946399588
HEXCEL 7532 7-OUNCE FIBERGLASS PLAIN WEAVE 5 YARDS
https://www.ebay.com/itm/222624899999
STYLE 7500 10-OUNCE PLAIN WEAVE 5 YARDS
https://www.ebay.com/itm/223495621157
STYLE 7500 10-OUNCE PLAIN WEAVE 10 YARDS
https://www.ebay.com/itm/312585593625
Hexcel STYLE 3743 9-OUNCE 4 HARNESS SATIN WEAVE 5 YARDS
https://www.ebay.com/itm/223385247088
HEXCEL 1584 26 OUNCE FIBERGLASS SATIN WEAVE 3 YARDS
https://www.ebay.com/itm/311947365010
HEXCEL 1584 26 OUNCE FIBERGLASS SATIN WEAVE 5 YARDS
https://www.ebay.com/itm/222629157570
CARBON FIBER FABRIC 3K 2×2 TWILL WEAVE 6 OZ. 3 YARDS
https://www.ebay.com/itm/311947275431
CARBON FIBER FABRIC 3K PLAIN WEAVE 6 OZ 3 YARDS
https://www.ebay.com/itm /311947292012
KEVLAR 49 HEXCEL 351 PLAIN WEAVE FABRIC 2.2 OZ
https://www.ebay.com/itm/222623951106

COMPOSITE FABRICATING BASIC GUIDELINES
By resolute definition, a fabricated COMPOSITE material is a manufactured collection of two or more ingredients or products intentionally combined to form a new homogeneous material that is defined by its performance that should uniquely greater than the sum of its individual parts. This method is also defined as a SYNERGISTIC COMPOSITION.
COMPOSITE MATERIAL COMPOSITION
REINFORCING FABRIC & IMPREGNATING RESIN
PLUS
‘ENGINEERED PROCESS’
EQUALS
COMPOSITE LAMINATE WITH THE BEST WEIGHT TO STRENGTH PERFORMANCE
Note The Uniformity Between The Impregnating Resin And Fiberglass Fabric Making A Transparent Laminate

With respect to the raw materials selection -fabric and resin, the fabricating process and the and curing and test validation of composite part, these aspects must be carefully considered and in the engineering phase of the composite.

Step One: Fabric Selection
TYPES OF FABRIC WEAVE STYLE AND SURFACE FINISHING
FOR RESIN TYPE COMPATIBILITY
Fabrics are generally considered ”balanced” if the breaking strength is within 15% warp to fill and are best in bias applications on lightweight structures.
“Unbalanced” fabrics are excellent when a greater load is required one direction and a lesser load in the perpendicular direction. Tow: The bundle of individual carbon filaments used to weave carbon fabric. 50k tow means there are 48-50,000 carbon filaments in the tow. Smaller tow i.e. 12k, 6k, 3k and 1k are obtained by dividing the 50k tow into smaller bundles.
Thread Count: The number of threads (tow in carbon and yarn in Aramid) per inch. The first number will be the warp count and the second will be the fill count.
Fill: The threads that run the width of the roll or bolt and perpendicular to the warp threads.
Warp: The threads that run the length of the roll or bolt and perpendicular to the fill threads.
Finish: The chemical treatment to fiberglass making it compatible with resin systems, therefore improving the bond between the fiber and the resin. Finishing fiberglass typically decreases the fiber strength by as much as 50%. Both Silane and Volan finishes are epoxy compatible. Historically, Volan has been considered a softer finish for a more pliable fabric, but recent advances have yielded some excellent soft Silane finishes.
Thickness: Measured in fractions of an inch. The thicker the fabric the more resin required to fill the weave to obtain a surface-smooth finished part.
Weaves:
Plain weave means the warp and fill threads cross alternately. This is the most common weave.
4 Harness (4 HS Satin or crowfoot) weave means the fill thread floats over three warp threads, then under one warp thread. This weave is more pliable than the plain weave, therefore conforms to complex curves more easily.
8 Harness (8 HS Satin) weave means the fill thread floats over seven warp threads, then under one warp thread. This weave is the most pliable of the standard fiberglass weaves.
2 x 2 Twill weave means the fill thread floats over two warp threads, then fewer than two warp threads. This weave is found most commonly in carbon fabrics and is more pliable than plain weave.
Most fabrics are stronger in the warp than the fill because higher tension is placed on the warp fiber keeping it straighter during the weaving process. Rare exceptions occur when a larger, therefore stronger thread is used in the fill direction than the warp direction.
PLAIN WEAVE
Is a very simple weave pattern and the most common style. The warp and fill yarns are interlaced over and under each other in alternating fashion. Plain weave provides good stability, porosity and the least yarn slippage for a given yarn count.
8 HARNESS SATIN WEAVE
The eight-harness satin is similar to the four-harness satin except that one filling yarn floats over seven warp yarns and under one.
This is a very pliable weave and is used for forming over curved surfaces.
4 HARNESS SATIN WEAVE
The four-harness satin weave is more pliable than the plain weave and is easier to conform to curved surfaces typical in reinforced plastics. In this weave pattern, there is a three by one interfacing where a filling yarn floats over three warp yarns and under one.
2×2 TWILL WEAVE
Twill weave is more pliable than the plain weave and has better drivability while maintaining more fabric stability than a four or eight harness satin weave. The weave pattern is characterized by a diagonal rib created by one warp yarn floating over at least two filling yarns.
SATIN WEAVE TYPE CONFORMITY UNTO CURVED SHAPES
Plain Weaves, Bi-axial, Unidirectional Styles For Directional High Strength Parts
Use this weave style cloth when high strength parts are desired.
It is ideal for reinforcement, mold making, aircraft and auto parts tooling, marine, and other composite lightweight applications.
7544 Fiberglass – YouTube

FIBERGLASS FINISHING FOR RESIN COMPATIBILITY
All of our fiberglass fabrics is woven By HEXCEL COMPOSITES, a leading manufacturer of composite materials engineered for high-performance applications in marine, aerospace for commercial and military, automotive, sporting goods and other application-critical performance. These fabrics are 100% epoxy-compatible and will yield the best mechanical properties when properly fabricated.
AVAILABLE FIBERGLASS, CARBON FIBER, AND KEVLAR FABRICS
HEXCEL 120 1.5-OUNCE FIBERGLASS PLAIN WEAVE 5 YARDS
https://www.ebay.com/itm/222623985867
HEXCEL 120 1.5-OUNCE FIBERGLASS PLAIN WEAVE 10 YARDS
https://www.ebay.com/itm/311946399588
HEXCEL 7532 7-OUNCE FIBERGLASS PLAIN WEAVE 5 YARDS
https://www.ebay.com/itm/222624899999

FIBERGLASS 45+/45- DOUBLE BIAS 3 YARDS
https://www.ebay.com/itm/311947299244
CARBON FIBER FABRIC 3K 2×2 TWILL WEAVE 6 OZ. 3 YARDS
https://www.ebay.com/itm/311947275431
CARBON FIBER FABRIC 3K PLAIN WEAVE 6 OZ 3 YARDS
https://www.ebay.com/itm /311947292012
KEVLAR 49 HEXCEL 351 PLAIN WEAVE FABRIC 2.2 OZ
https://www.ebay.com/itm/222623951106

Step Two:
Choose The Best Epoxy Resin System For The Application
The epoxy resin used in fabricating a laminate will dictate how the FRP will perform when load or pressure is implied on the part.

To choose the proper resin system, consider the following factors that is crucial to a laminate’s performance.
SIZE AND CONFIGURATION OF THE PART
(NUMBER OF PLIES AND CONTOURED, FLAT OR PROFILED)
CONSOLIDATING FORCE
(FREE STANDING DRY OR HAND LAY-UP, VACUUM BAG OR PLATEN PRESS CURING)
CURING CAPABILITIES
(HEAT CURED OR ROOM TEMPERATURE CURED)
LOAD PARAMETERS
(SHEARING FORCE, TORSIONAL AND DIRECTIONAL LOAD, BEAM STRENGTH)
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE

The principal role of the resin is to bind the fabric into a homogeneous rigid substrate
(OPERATING TEMPERATURE, AMBIENT CONDITIONS, CHEMICAL EXPOSURE, CYCLIC FORCE LOADING)
MATERIAL AND PRODUCTION COST
(BUYING IN BULK WILL ALWAYS PROVIDE THE BEST OVERALL COSTS)

These factors will dictate the design and the composition of the part and must be carefully considered during the design and engineering phase of the fabrication.

TOP SELLING IMPREGNATING RESIN SYSTEM
MAX BOND LOW VISCOSITY A/B
Marine Grade Boat Building Resin System, Fiberglassing/Impregnating, Water Resistance, Structural Strength
MAX BOND LOW VISCOSITY 32-Oz Kit
https://www.ebay.com/itm/311947109148
MAX BOND LOW VISCOSITY 64-Oz Kit
https://www.ebay.com/itm/311947125422
MAX BOND LOW VISCOSITY 1-Gallon Kit
https://www.ebay.com/itm/311947117608
MAX BOND LOW VISCOSITY 2-Gallon kit
https://www.ebay.com/itm/311946370391
MAX BOND LOW VISCOSITY 10-Gallon Kit
https://www.ebay.com/itm/222624960548

MAX 1618 A/
Crystal Clear, High Strength, Lowest Viscosity (Thin), Durability & Toughness, Excellent Wood Working Resin
MAX 1618 A/B 48-Ounce Kit
https://www.ebay.com/itm/222627258390
MAX 1618 A/B 3/4-Gallon Kit
https://www.ebay.com/itm/222625113128
MAX 1618 A/B 3/4-Gallon Kit
https://www.ebay.com/itm/222627258390
MAX 1618 A/B 1.5-Gallon Kit
https://www.ebay.com/itm/311946441558

MAX CLR A/B
Water Clear Transparency, Chemical Resistance, FDA Compliant For Food Contact, High Impact, Low Viscosity
MAX CLR A/B 24-Ounce Kit
https://www.ebay.com/itm/222623963194
MAX CLR A/B 48-Ounce Kit
https://www.ebay.com/itm/311947320101
MAX CLR A/B 96-Ounce Kit
https://www.ebay.com/itm/222625329068
MAX CLR A/B 96-Ounce Kit
https://www.ebay.com/itm/222625338230
MAX CLR A/B 1.5-Gallon Kit
https://www.ebay.com/itm/222626972426
MAX GRE A/B
GASOLINE RESISTANT EPOXY RESIN
Resistant To Gasoline/E85 Blend, Acids & Bases, Sealing, Coating, Impregnating Resin
MAX GRE A/B 48-Ounce Kit
https://www.ebay.com/itm/311946473553
MAX GRE A/B 96-Ounce Kit
https://www.ebay.com/itm/311947247402
MAX HTE A/B
HIGH-TEMPERATURE EPOXY
Heat Cured Resin System For Temperature Resistant Bonding, Electronic Potting, Coating, Bonding
MAX HTE A/B 80-Ounce Kit
https://www.ebay.com/itm/222624247814
MAX HTE A/B 40-Ounce Kit
https://www.ebay.com/itm/222624236832

Step Three:
Proper Lay-Up Technique -Putting It All Together
Pre-lay-up notes
Lay out the fabric and pre-cut to size and set aside
Avoid distorting the weave pattern as much as possible
For fiberglass molding, ensure the mold is clean and adequate mold release is used
View our video presentation above “MAX EPOXY RESIN MIXING TECHNIQUE”
Mix the resin only when all needed materials and implements needed are ready and within reach
Mix the proper amount of resin needed and be accurate proportioning the resin and curing agent. Adding more curing agent than the recommended mix ratio will not promote a faster cure. Over saturation or starving the fiberglass or any composite fabric will yield poor mechanical performance. When mechanical load or pressure is applied to the composite laminate, the physical strength of the fabric should bear the stress and not the resin. If the laminate is over saturated with the resin it will most likely to fracture or shatter instead of rebounding and resist damage.
Don’t how much resin to use to go with the fiberglass?
A good rule of thumb is to maintain a minimum of 30 to 35% resin content by weight.
This is the optimum ratio used in high-performance prepreg (or pre-impregnated fabrics) typically used in aerospace and high-performance structural application.
For general hand lay-ups, calculate using 60% fabric weight to 40% resin weight as a safety factor.
This will ensure that the fabricated laminate will be below 40% resin content depending on the waste factor accrued during fabrication.
Place the entire pre-cut fiberglass to be used on a digital scale to determine the fabric to resin weight ratio. Measuring by weight will ensure accurate composite fabrication and repeatability, rather than using OSY (ounces per square yard) or GSM ( grams per meter square) data.

THE USE OF A WEIGHING SCALE IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED
Purchase this scale with any of our product offering and the shipping cost of the scale is free.
https://www.ebay.com/itm/222630300203
A good rule of thumb is to maintain a minimum of 30 to 35% resin content by weight, this is the optimum ratio used in high-performance prepreg (or pre-impregnated fabrics) typically used in aerospace and high-performance structural application. For general hand lay-ups, calculate using 60% fabric weight to 40% resin weight as a safety factor. This will ensure that the fabricated laminate will be below 40% resin content depending on the waste factor accrued during fabrication.
Place the entire pre-cut fiberglass to be used on a digital scale to determine the fabric to resin weight ratio. Measuring by weight will ensure accurate composite fabrication and repeatability, rather than using OSY data.
Typical fabric weight regardless of weave pattern
1 ounce per square yard is equal to 28.35 grams
1 square yard equals to 1296 square inches (36 inches x 36 inches)
FOR EXAMPLE
1 yard of 8-ounces per square yard (OSY) fabric weighs 226 grams
1 yard of 10-ounces per square yard (OSY) fabric weighs 283 grams
Ounces per square yard or OSY is also known as aerial weight, which is the most common unit of measurement for composite fabrics. To determine how much resin is needed to adequately impregnate the fiberglass, use the following equation:
(Total Weight of Fabric divided by 60%)X( 40%)= weight of mixed resin needed
OR
fw= fabric weight
rc= target resin content
rn=resin needed
MASTER EQUATION
(fw/60%)x(40%)=rn
FOR EXAMPLE
1 SQUARE YARD OF 8-OSY FIBERGLASS FABRIC WEIGHS 226 GRAMS
(226 grams of dry fiberglass / 60%) X 40% = 150.66 grams of resin needed
So for every square yard of 8-ounce fabric, it will need 150.66 grams of mixed resin.
Computing For Resin And Curing Agent Amount
150.66 grams of resin needed
MIX RATIO OF RESIN SYSTEM IS 2:1 OR
50 PHR (per hundred resin)
2 = 66.67% (2/3)
+
1 = 33.33%(1/3)
=
(2+1)=3 or (66.67%+33.33%)=100% or (2/3+1/3)= 3/3
150.66 x 66.67%= 100.45 grams of Part A RESIN
150.66 x 33.33%= 50.21 grams of Part B CURING AGENT
100.45 + 50.21 = 150.66 A/B MIXTURE
GENERAL LAY-UP PROCEDURE
Apply the mixed resin onto the surface and then lay the fabric and allow the resin to saturate through the fabric.
NOT THE OTHER WAY AROUND
This is one of the most common processing error that yields sub-standard laminates. By laying the fiberglass onto a layer of the prepared resin, less air bubbles are entrapped during the wetting-out stage. Air is pushed up and outwards instead of forcing the resin through the fabric which will entrap air bubbles. This technique will displace air pockets unhindered and uniformly disperse the impregnating resin throughout the fiberglass.
HAND LAY-UP TECHNIQUE
Eliminating air entrapment or void porosity in an epoxy/fiberglass lay-up process
Fiberglass Hand Lay Up For Canoe and Kayak Building
Video will open in a new window
Basic Hand Lay-up Fiberglassing
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VACUUM BAGGING PROCESS

For performance critical application used in aerospace vehicles, composite framing for automotive vehicles and marine vessels, a process called ‘Vacuum Bagging’ is employed to ensure the all layers are consolidate.
Fiber consolidation, uniform resin distribution and exclusion of air bubble within the composite matrix yields the best structural performance and durability of the fabricated composite.
The entire tooling and lay-up are encased in an airtight envelope or bagging and a high-efficiency vacuum pump is used to draw out the air within the vacuum bag to create a negative atmospheric pressure. Once a full vacuum (29.9 Inches of Mercury) is achieved, the negative pressure applies a compacting force of 14.4 pounds per square inch (maximum vacuum pressure at sea level) is applied to the vacuum bag transferring the force to the entire surface area of the laminate.

Vacuum pressure is maintained until the resin cures to a solid. For room temperature curing resin system, the vacuum pump is left in operation for a minimum of 18 hours. External heat can be applied to the entire lay-up, thus accelerating the cure of the resin system. Ensure the vacuum bagging material is rate for the proper temperature for heat curing.

The vacuum force also removes any entrapped air bubble between the layers of fabric and eliminate what is called, porosity or air voids. Porosity within a laminate creates weak spots in the structure that can be the source of mechanical failure when force or load is applied to the laminate.

The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as 1
01325 Pa (1.01325 bar), equivalent to
760 mm Mercury or 29.92 inches Mercury or
14.696 pounds per square inch of pressure.
Vacuum Bagging
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AUTOCLAVE CURING PROCESS
Autoclave curing processing is the most common method used in the large-scale production of composite products. The Aerospace Industry, which includes space exploration rockets and vehicles, deep space structures, and commercial and military airplane utilizes this composite fabrication process due to the critical nature of the application. The mechanical demands of the composite are often pushed to the upper limits and autoclaved process yields composites with the best weight to strength ratio.
BASIC OPERATION OF THE AUTOCLAVE PROCESS

In the autoclave process, high pressure and heat are applied to the part through the autoclave atmosphere, with a vacuum bag used to apply additional pressure and protect the laminate from the autoclave gases.
The cure cycle for a specific application is usually determined empirically and, as a result, several cure cycles may be developed for a single material system, to account for differences in laminate thickness or to optimize particular properties in the cured part.
The typical autoclave cure cycle is a two-step process. First, vacuum and pressure are applied while the temperature is ramped up to an intermediate level and held there for a short period of time. The heat reduces the resin viscosity, allowing it to flow and making it easier for trapped air and volatiles to escape. The resin also begins wetting the fibers at this stage.
In the second ramp up, the temperature is raised to the final cure temperature and held for a sufficient length of time to complete the cure reaction. During this step, the viscosity continues to drop, but preset temperature ramp rates and hold times then stabilize viscosity at a level that permits adequate consolidation and fiber wetting, while avoiding excessive flow and subsequent resin starvation.
These control factors also slow the reaction rate, which prevents excessive heat generation from the exothermic polymerization process. Upon completion, the cured mechanical performance of the composite is often much stronger and lighter compared to a hand lay-up, or vacuum bagged composite laminate.

VACUUM INFUSION PROCESS
Vacuum Infusion Process is also known in the composites industry as Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding or VARTM.
Similar to the Vacuum Bagging Process where the vacuum pressure is used to apply consolidation force to the laminate while the resin cures, the resin is infused into the fabric lay-up by drawing the impregnating resin into the fabric thus forming the composite laminate with minimal air bubbles. Bubble entrapment are called porosity. When force or mechanical force is applied, failure occurs and originates from porosity.
The VARTM Process produces parts that require less secondary steps, such as trimming, polishing or grinding with excellent mechanical properties. However, the vacuum infusion requires more additional or supplemental related equipment and expendable materials. So the pros and cons of each presented composite fabrication process should be carefully determined to suit the user’s capabilities and needs.
Please view the following video demonstration which explains the process of Vacuum Infusion or VARTM process.
CARBON FIBER VACUUM INFUSION WITH EPOXY RESIN – VACUUM BAGGING WITH MAX 1618 EPOXY RESIN
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MAX 1618 A/B VACUUM ASSISTED RESIN TRANSFER MOLDING PROCESS
VACUUM INFUSION VIDEO
Step Four: Proper Curing
Although we have formulated all of our MAX EPOXY RESIN SYSTEM product line to be resistant to amine-blush,
it is recommended not to mix any resin systems in high humidity conditions, greater than 60%.
Always make sure that the substrate or material the epoxy resin system is being applied to is well prepared as possible to ensure the best-cured performance.

Always review the published data and information for proper usage, application, and general safety information.
Our expert staff of engineers is always available for consultation and assistance.

Allow the lay-up to cure for a minimum of 24 to 36 hours before handling.
Optimum cured properties can take up to 7 days depending on the ambient cure condition.
The ideal temperature cure condition of most room temperature epoxy resin is 22 to 27 degrees Celsius at 20% relative humidity.
Higher ambient curing temperatures will promote faster polymerization and development of cured mechanical properties.
Improving mechanical performance via post heat cure
A short heat post cure will further improve the mechanical performance of most epoxy resins. Allow the applied resin system to cure at room temperature until for 18 to 24 hours and if possible, expose heat cure it in an oven or other sources of radiant heat (220°F to 250°F) for45 minute to an hour. You can also expose it to direct sunlight but place a dark colored cover, such as a tarp or cardboard to protect it from ultraviolet exposure.
In general room temperature cured epoxy resin has a maximum operating temperature of 160°F or lower.
A short heat post cure will ensure that the mixed epoxy system is fully cured,
especially for room temperature cure system that can take up to 7 days to achieve 100% cure
Some darkening or yellowing of the epoxy resin may occur if overexposed to high temperature (>250°F).

AMINE BLUSH
The affinity of an amine compound (curing agent) to moisture and carbon dioxide creates a carbonate compound and forms what is called amine blush. Amine blush is a wax-like layer that forms as most epoxies cure. If the epoxy system is cured in extreme humidity (>70%).
It will be seen as a white and waxy layer that must be removed by physical sanding of the surface followed by an acetone wipe.

OTHER TYPES OF EPOXY RESIN CURE MECHANISM
LATENT CURING SYSTEMS
Latent epoxy resins are systems that are mixed together at room temperature and will begin polymerization but it will not achieve full cure unless it is exposed to a heat cure cycle. In general, these are high-performance systems that demonstrate exceptional performance under extreme conditions such as high mechanical performance under heat and cryogenic temperatures, chemical resistance or any environment that epoxy room temperature system perform marginally or poorly.
Upon the mixing of the resin and curing agent polymerization will begin and will only achieve a partial cure. Some resins may appear cured or dry to the touch, this state is called ‘B-Stage Cure’, but upon application of force will either be gummy or brittle almost glass-like and will dissolve in most solvents. The semi-cured resin must be exposed to an elevated temperature for it to continue polymerization and achieve full cure.

TESTING THE COMPOSITE
DETERMINATION OF THE FABRIC-RESIN RATIO
TESTING FABRIC TO RESIN RATIO VIA RESIN BURN OUT
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DON’T FORGET OUR EPOXY MIXING KIT
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EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO MEASURE, MIX, DISPENSE OR APPLY
Proportioning the correct amount is equally as important to attain the intended cured properties of the resin system.
The container in which the epoxy and curing agent is mixed is an important consideration when mixing an epoxy resin system.
The container must withstand the tenacity of the chemical and must be free of contamination.
Most epoxy curing agent has a degree of corrosivity, as a general practice, protective gloves should be worn when handling chemicals of the same nature.

MIXING KIT CONTENTS
1 Each Digital Scale -Durable, Accurate Up To 2000.0 Grams
4 Each 32-ounce (1 Quart) Clear HDPE Plastic Mix Cups
4 Each 16-ounce (1 Pint) Clear HDPE Plastic Mix Cups
5 Pairs One Size Fits All Powder-Free Latex Gloves
2 Each Graduated Syringes
Wooden Stir Sticks
Foam Brush

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IMPORTANT NOTICE
Your purchase constitutes the acceptance of this disclaimer. Please review before purchasing this product. The user should thoroughly test any proposed use of this product and independently conclude satisfactory performance in the application. Likewise, if the manner in which this product is used requires government approval or clearance, the user must obtain said approval. The information contained herein is based on data believed to be accurate at the time of publication. Data and parameters cited have been obtained through published information, PolymerProducts laboratories using materials under controlled conditions. Data of this type should not be used for a specification for fabrication and design. It is the user’s responsibility to determine this Composites fitness for use. There is no warranty of merchantability of fitness for use, nor any other express implied warranty. The user’s exclusive remedy and the manufacturer’s liability are limited to refund of the purchase price or replacement of the product within the agreed warranty period. PolymerProducts and its direct representative will not be liable for incidental or consequential damages of any kind. Determination of the suitability of any kind of information or product for the use contemplated by the user, the manner of that use and whether there is any infringement of patents is the sole liability of the user.